Wednesday, 12 February 2025

Earth's inner core is undergoing a transformation

 

Date:
February 10, 2025
Source:
University of Southern California
Summary:
Earth's inner core is undergoing structural transformation. Located 3,000 miles below the Earth's surface, the inner core is anchored by gravity within the molten liquid outer core. Until now the inner core was widely thought of as a solid sphere. A new study indicates that the near surface of the inner core may undergo viscous deformation, changing its shape and shifting at the inner core's shallow boundary.

The surface of the Earth's inner core may be changing, as shown by a new study from USC scientists that detected structural changes near the planet's center, published today in Nature Geoscience.



The changes of the inner core has long been a topic of debate for scientists. However, most research has been focused on assessing rotation. John Vidale, Dean's Professor of Earth Sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and principal investigator of the study, said the researchers "didn't set out to define the physical nature of the inner core."

"What we ended up discovering is evidence that the near surface of Earth's inner core undergoes structural change," Vidale said. The finding sheds light on the role topographical activity plays in rotational changes in the inner core that have minutely altered the length of a day and may relate to the ongoing slowing of the inner core.

Redefining the inner core

Located 3,000 miles below the Earth's surface, the inner core is anchored by gravity within the molten liquid outer core. Until now the inner core was widely thought of as a solid sphere.

The original aim of the USC scientists was to further chart the slowing of the inner core. "But as I was analyzing multiple decades' worth of seismograms, one dataset of seismic waves curiously stood out from the rest," Vidale said. "Later on, I'd realize I was staring at evidence the inner core is not solid."

The study utilized seismic waveform data -- including 121 repeating earthquakes from 42 locations near Antarctica's South Sandwich Islands that occurred between 1991 and 2024 -- to give a glimpse of what takes place in the inner core. As the researchers analyzed the waveforms from receiver-array stations located near Fairbanks, Alaska, and Yellowknife, Canada, one dataset of seismic waves from the latter station included uncharacteristic properties the team had never seen before.

"At first the dataset confounded me," Vidale said. It wasn't until his research team improved the resolution technique did it become clear the seismic waveforms represented additional physical activity of the inner core.

Deformed inner core

The physical activity is best explained as temporal changes in the shape of the inner core. The new study indicates that the near surface of the inner core may undergo viscous deformation, changing its shape and shifting at the inner core's shallow boundary.

The clearest cause of the structural change is interaction between the inner and outer core. "The molten outer core is widely known to be turbulent, but its turbulence had not been observed to disrupt its neighbor the inner core on a human timescale," Vidale said. "What we're observing in this study for the first time is likely the outer core disturbing the inner core."

Vidale said the discovery opens a door to reveal previously hidden dynamics deep within Earth's core, and may lead to better understanding of Earth's thermal and magnetic field.


Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Southern California.


Visit Us : bookofaward.com

Contact Us :  contact@bookofaward.com


Social Media:

Tags:

Monday, 10 February 2025

'Marine Prosperity Areas' represent a new hope in conservation

Improved approach to marine conservation aligns ecological restoration with human well-being

Date:
February 6, 2025
Source:
University of California - San Diego
Summary:
An international team of researchers introduces a promising new initiative in marine conservation, dubbed 'Marine Prosperity Areas.' This science-informed effort goes beyond protecting marine life -- it uses targeted financial investments to prioritize human well-being, uplift communities, and create a sustainable blue economy.

Could 2025 be the year marine protection efforts get a "glow up"? According to a team of conservation-minded researchers, including Octavio Aburto of UC San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the moment has arrived.



In a new study published Feb. 6 in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science, Aburto and a multinational team of marine scientists and economists unveil a comprehensive framework for Marine Prosperity Areas, or MPpAs. With a focus on prosperity -- the condition of being successful or thriving -- this science-informed effort aligns human well-being with the restoration of designated marine and coastal environments.

Marine Prosperity Areas mark a more holistic approach to marine conservation, with a framework that seeks to use targeted financial investments to enhance human prosperity during periods of active ecological restoration. To fully realize the vision for Marine Prosperity Areas, the study authors are calling on governments, non-governmental organizations, and local stakeholders to champion MPpAs as a cornerstone of global conservation efforts, committing to the investments and partnerships necessary to build a sustainable future.

"Conservation often demands sacrifices today for benefits decades in the future -- an unrealistic expectation for communities facing immediate socio-economic pressures," said Aburto, lead author of the study and professor of marine biology at Scripps Oceanography. "Our model for Marine Prosperity Areas addresses this challenge, outlining how human prosperity can be improved while we wait for ecological recovery. By strategically aligning recovery efforts, it is possible for both people and ecosystems to thrive."

If implemented, Marine Prosperity Areas have the power to be a leading tool for achieving global conservation targets, said the authors. This includes the "30 by 30" target set by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, an international commitment to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030.

The new framework builds upon several decades of research on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), fisheries, and coastal habitats in Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, and throughout the Gulf of California -- one of the world's most important marine hotspots. The authors recognized the need to transform the existing model for implementing marine protections because, despite decades of efforts, there has been no unifying framework. The new model employs strategic financial investments and tailored community partnerships to align the realms of ecological conservation, economic growth, environmental responsibility, and social policy -- ultimately benefiting both people and the planet.

For example, in marine areas with great natural beauty, seed funding could promote ecotourism by supporting community-based diving or snorkeling enterprises. In other areas, small grants could help locals establish sustainable aquaculture initiatives or fund technological efforts to create artificial reefs for environmental restoration. Overall, the focus is on nurturing opportunities for community members to diversify their livelihoods, sustainably manage natural resources, and drive economic growth.

"The concept of Marine Prosperity Areas can help us to bridge the gap between environmental and social outcomes," said study co-author Alfredo Giron, a Scripps Oceanography alumnus now serving as head of the World Economic Forum's Ocean Action Agenda and Friends of Ocean Action. "It gives us the opportunity to understand that nature and people are inextricably linked and as such, a marine management plan has to pursue outcomes for both."

The authors identified three distinct phases -- called "Pillars on Intervention" -- that characterize the establishment of a Marine Prosperity Area:

  1. Community Engagement and Co-Design: The primary focus is to mobilize the community and actively engage all relevant stakeholders in collaboratively defining prosperity and envisioning pathways to achieve it. This phase prioritizes the co-design of sustainable strategies for using marine resources and aligns with the aspirations of the local community, fostering a sense of inclusion.

  2. Capacity Building, Governance, and Infrastructure:The goal of this stage is to establish the essential building blocks for the Marine Prosperity Area. This includes investing in community capacity to design and implement the MPpA, developing a governance system with legal and statutory frameworks to oversee it, integrating conflict resolution mechanisms, and creating the infrastructure for enforcement.

  3. Monitoring, Enforcement, and Co-Management: This stage forms the basis for the implementation of a collaborative and adaptive management framework. Effective enforcement and monitoring activities are integral, providing scientific data to continuously inform management decisions, and allowing stakeholders to enhance all dimensions of prosperity.

The prosperity-centric framework is an ambitious plan with a long-term vision, said the authors. It leverages a suite of "tried-and-true" community-based intervention and investment strategies to strengthen and expand access to environmental science, social goods and services, and the financial perks of the blue economy.

"This concept offers a roadmap for inclusive and impactful conservation, where both communities and nature can thrive, provided that investment and proactive participation are prioritized," said study co-author Catalina Lopez, director of the Gulf of California Marine Program, Institute of the Americas.

The authors looked to several marine protection case studies as a guiding light, such as the establishment of Cabo Pulmo National Marine Park in 1995. Located in Baja California Sur, Mexico, this small "no-take" marine reserve was once depleted by decades of overfishing and pollution. A collaborative conservation effort led by scientists, the Mexican government, and the Cabo Pulmo community -- including local fishermen -- has allowed local fish populations to replenish and recover, benefiting both the ocean environment and the economy.

In addition to Cabo Pulmo, marine protection successes in Mexico's La Paz and Santa Maria Bay helped shape the design of the new framework. All three efforts benefited from strong community involvement and sustainable funding, with seed money or small grants being essential to their success.

Not all marine protection efforts have been as successful, though. In some cases, the community was not able to be fully on board due to financial challenges as they awaited the long road to ecosystem recovery. The new framework seeks to remedy this challenge by proactively funding efforts to support human prosperity, rather than passively relying on ecosystem recovery to catalyze social change and economic growth.

It also seeks to accommodate the interests and needs of a wide range of stakeholders, including economic sectors dependent on extractive and non-extractive uses of the marine environment, as well as Indigenous peoples, local communities and other underserved groups.

"One of the greatest challenges in its successful implementation will be ensuring sustained support for this vision throughout all stages," said study co-author Valentina Platzgummer, coordinator of the Conservation Leadership Program and researcher at the Centro para la Biodiversidad Marina y la Conservación, A.C. "It will be crucial to maintain a long-term commitment from all stakeholders, both in terms of funds and support, to navigate the complexities and ensure the framework's goals are achieved."

The authors emphasized that there's already a "strong desire" from many individuals and organizations to contribute to and support initiatives like Marine Prosperity Areas. This collective sense of partnership will be crucial to the long-term success of any conservation effort.

"This eagerness to collaborate is essential and I am confident that with organized and focused efforts, we can achieve the systemic change needed to protect and sustain our oceans," said study co-author Rocío Abud Mirabent, director of Fundación Coppel, an organization that works with partners to improve the lives of people in Mexico.

As a whole, the proposed Marine Prosperity Area framework offers a hopeful vision where thriving ecosystems and prosperous communities can co-exist, restoring the bond between people and the sea. The framework is also highly adaptable, said the authors, making it well-suited for global implementation.

"This vision is not only achievable but essential for our collective well-being in the face of growing environmental and social challenges," they wrote.

Additional co-authors of the study are Erica Ferrer of UC Santa Cruz, América Ávalos Galindo and Claudia Núñez Sañudo of Fundación Coppel in Mexico, Fabio Favoretto of Scripps Oceanography, Isabel Mendoza Camacho of SUCEDE Sociedad en Acción Sinaloa in Mexico, Marisol Plascencia de La Cruz of Centro para la Biodiversidad Marina y la Conservación in Mexico, and Alejandro Robles of NOS Noroeste Sustentable in Mexico.


Story Source:

Materials provided by University of California - San Diego


Visit Us : bookofaward.com


Contact Us :  contact@bookofaward.com


Social Media:

Tags:

Saturday, 8 February 2025

An Arctic 'beyond recognition' by 2100

 

What's coming for the fastest-warming region of Earth?

Date:
February 7, 2025
Source:
University of Colorado at Boulder
Summary:
Based on the current pledges of countries for limiting their emissions of greenhouse gases, global temperatures are projected to reach 2.7 degrees Celsius beyond pre-industrial levels by the end of this century. A new review paper highlights how this would dramatically reshape the Arctic, the fastest-warming region of Earth.

In 2024, annual average global air temperatures surpassed 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels for the first time, triggering extreme weather events like record-breaking rainfall and flooding events in the Sahara Desert and extreme summer heat waves across the planet. However, global warming will not stop at this level. Based on the current pledges of countries for limiting their emissions of greenhouse gases, global temperatures are projected to reach 2.7 degrees Celsius beyond pre-industrial levels by the end of this century. This scenario would dramatically reshape the Arctic, the fastest-warming region of Earth.



A new review paper, published in Science on February 7, 2025, highlights these changes and their far-reaching implications.

The paper, "Disappearing landscapes: The Arctic at +2.7°C global warming," was led byJulienne Stroeve, senior research scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and professor at the Centre for Earth Observation Science at the University of Manitoba.

"The Arctic is warming at four times the rate of the rest of the planet," said Stroeve.

"At 2.7 degrees Celsius of global warming, we will see more extreme and cascading impacts in this region than elsewhere, including sea-ice-free Arctic summers, accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, widespread permafrost loss, and more extreme air temperatures. These changes will devastate infrastructure, ecosystems, vulnerable communities, and wildlife."

In the review paper, the authors used the Sixth Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a starting point.

They updated knowledge from the report about three specific areas of the Arctic environment, including sea ice, the Greenland Ice Sheet and permafrost, focusing on existing studies that show consensus about the changes that will take place in the region.

Under 2.7 degrees Celsius of warming, the Arctic region is likely to experience the following effects:

  • Virtually every day of the year will have air temperatures exceeding pre-industrial temperature extremes.
  • The Arctic Ocean will be free of sea ice for several months each summer.
  • The area of the Greenland Ice Sheet that experiences more than a month of surface temperatures above 0 degrees Celsius will quadruple compared with pre-industrial conditions, causing global sea levels to rise faster.
  • Surface-level permafrost will decrease by 50 percent of pre-industrial levels.

"Our paper shows that, already today, mankind has the power to wipe out entire landscapes from the surface of our planet," said Dirk Notz, professor for polar research at the University of Hamburg and co-author of the study.

"It'd be amazing if we could become more aware of this power and the responsibility that goes with it, as the future of the Arctic truly lies in our hands."

Other co-authors on the paper included Jackie Dawson of the University of Ottawa, Edward A.G. Schuur of Northern Arizona University, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen of the University of Manitoba and University of Copenhagen, and Céline Giesse of the University of Hamburg. Funding came from several sources, with the largest piece of Stroeve's funding from the Canada 150 Research Chairs Program, C150 grant 50296. Data and information from NSIDC's Sea Ice Today and Ice Sheets Today projects were used in the review.


Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Colorado at Boulder.


Visit Us : bookofaward.com


Contact Us :  contact@bookofaward.com


Social Media:

Tags:

Friday, 7 February 2025

Largest radio jet ever seen in the early universe

 

The monster jet spans at least 200,000 light-years and formed when the Universe was less than 10% of its current age

Date:
February 6, 2025
Source:
Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA)
Summary:
Astronomers have characterized the largest-ever early-Universe radio jet. Historically, such large radio jets have remained elusive in the distant Universe. With these observations, astronomers have valuable new insights into when the first jets formed in the Universe and how they impacted the evolution of galaxies.

From decades of astronomical observations scientists know that most galaxies contain massive black holes at their centers. The gas and dust falling into these black holes liberates an enormous amount of energy as a result of friction, forming luminous galactic cores, called quasars, that expel jets of energetic matter. These jets can be detected with radio telescopes up to large distances. In our local Universe these radio jets are not uncommon, with a small fraction being found in nearby galaxies, but they have remained elusive in the distant, early Universe until now.



Using a combination of telescopes, astronomers have discovered a distant, two-lobed radio jet that spans an astonishing 200,000 light-years at least -- twice the width of the Milky Way. This is the largest radio jet ever found this early in the history of the Universe.* The jet was first identified using the international Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Telescope, a network of radio telescopes throughout Europe.

Follow-up observations in the near-infrared with the Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph (GNIRS), and in the optical with the Hobby Eberly Telescope, were obtained to paint a complete picture of the radio jet and the quasar producing it. These findings are crucial to gaining more insight into the timing and mechanisms behind the formation of the first large-scale jets in our Universe.

GNIRS is mounted on the Gemini North telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory, funded in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by NSF NOIRlab.

"We were searching for quasars with strong radio jets in the early Universe, which helps us understand how and when the first jets are formed and how they impact the evolution of galaxies," says Anniek Gloudemans, postdoctoral research fellow at NOIRLab and lead author of the paper presenting these results in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Determining the properties of the quasar, such as its mass and the rate at which it is consuming matter, is necessary for understanding its formation history. To measure these parameters the team looked for a specific wavelength of light emitted by quasars known as the MgII (magnesium) broad emission line. Normally, this signal appears in the ultraviolet wavelength range. However, owing to the expansion of the Universe, which causes the light emitted by the quasar to be 'stretched' to longer wavelengths, the magnesium signal arrives at Earth in the near-infrared wavelength range, where it is detectable with GNIRS.

The quasar, named J1601+3102, formed when the Universe was less than 1.2 billion years old -- just 9% of its current age. While quasars can have masses billions of times greater than that of our Sun, this one is on the small side, weighing in at 450 million times the mass of the Sun. The double-sided jets are asymmetrical both in brightness and the distance they stretch from the quasar, indicating an extreme environment may be affecting them.

"Interestingly, the quasar powering this massive radio jet does not have an extreme black hole mass compared to other quasars," says Gloudemans. "This seems to indicate that you don't necessarily need an exceptionally massive black hole or accretion rate to generate such powerful jets in the early Universe."

The previous dearth of large radio jets in the early Universe has been attributed to noise from the cosmic microwave background -- the ever-present fog of microwave radiation left over from the Big Bang. This persistent background radiation normally diminishes the radio light of such distant objects.

"It's only because this object is so extreme that we can observe it from Earth, even though it's really far away," says Gloudemans. "This object shows what we can discover by combining the power of multiple telescopes that operate at different wavelengths."

"When we started looking at this object we were expecting the southern jet to just be an unrelated nearby source, and for most of it to be small. That made it quite surprising when the LOFAR image revealed large, detailed radio structures," says Frits Sweijen, postdoctoral research associate at Durham University and co-author of the paper. "The nature of this distant source makes it difficult to detect at higher radio frequencies, demonstrating the power of LOFAR on its own and its synergies with other instruments."

Scientists still have a multitude of questions about how radio-bright quasars like J1601+3102 differ from other quasars. It remains unclear what circumstances are necessary to create such powerful radio jets, or when the first radio jets in the Universe formed. Thanks to the collaborative power of Gemini North, LOFAR and the Hobby Eberly Telescope, we are one step closer to understanding the enigmatic early Universe.

Note

* An example of a monster radio jet found in the nearby Universe is the 23 million-light-year-long jet, named Porphyrion, which was observed 6.3 billion years after the Big Bang.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy


Visit Us : bookofaward.com


Contact Us :  contact@bookofaward.com


Social Media :

Tags:


Thursday, 6 February 2025

 

Wednesday, 5 February 2025

 

Date:
February 4, 2025
Source:
University of Zurich
Summary:
A daily intake of one gram of omega-3s can slow down biological aging by up to four months, according to an analysis of clinical data from the international DO-HEALTH study. For the first time, epigenetic clocks were used to measure the aging process.

Many people would like to delay or even stop the aging process. Previous clinical studies have shown that a reduced calorie intake can slow down the aging process in humans. Taking vitamin D or omega-3 fatty acids has also shown promising results in slowing biological aging in animals. However, it was unclear whether these measures would also work in humans.



The therapies previously tested in the DO-HEALTH study led by Heike Bischoff-Ferrari are also associated with a slowing of the aging process. These showed that vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, as well as regular physical activity, reduce the risk of infections and falls, and prevent cancer and premature frailty. "These results inspired us to measure the direct influence of these three therapies on the biological aging process in the Swiss DO-HEALTH participants," says Bischoff-Ferrari, professor of geriatrics and geriatric medicine at the University of Zurich.

Measuring biological and chronological age

One scientific approach to making biological aging measurable is the use of epigenetic clocks. They record chemical modifications of the DNA molecule, known as methylation, and thus quantify the difference between biological and chronological aging. The DO-HEALTH study has now for the first time investigated how sensitively this molecular biological measurement method reacts to targeted treatment.

The team led by Heike Bischoff-Ferrari, in collaboration with Steve Horvath, senior researcher at Altos Labs Cambridge (UK), who developed the watches, investigated the effect of omega-3s and/or vitamin D and/or simple strength training on biological aging in 777 people over the age of 70. Eight different treatment combinations were tested during the three-year study: subjects took 2,000 international units (IU) of vitamin D and/or 1 gram of omega-3 fatty acids (from algae) daily and/or performed 30 minutes of strength training at home three times a week.

Biological age slowed down When the researchers analyzed the blood samples, they found that taking omega-3 fatty acids slowed down biological aging across several epigenetic clocks by up to four months -- regardless of subjects' gender, age or body mass index. The combination of omega-3, vitamin D and strength training proved to be even more effective, according to one of the four epigenetic clocks used.

"This result extends our previous findings from the DO-HEALTH study, in which these three factors combined had the greatest impact on reducing the risk of cancer and preventing premature frailty over a three-year period, to slowing down the biological aging process," says Bischoff-Ferrari. Each of these measures works through different mechanisms that complement each other and, when combined, result in a heightened overall effect, according to the study author.

DO-HEALTH as a validation platform

At the same time, the research team draws attention to the limitations of the study. "There is no generally accepted gold standard for measuring biological age," Bischoff-Ferrari explains. "However, we analyzed the best currently validated epigenetic clocks, which reflect the state of the art." To further advance the clinical application of biological clocks, Bischoff-Ferrari, together with leading international researchers in the Global Health Span Extension Consortium, plans to use DO-HEALTH and other global intervention studies as a validation platform for novel biomarkers of aging.

The researchers also point out that the sample consists exclusively of Swiss participants and therefore does not represent the global population of older adults aged 70 years and older. In a next step, they plan to extend their analyses to all DO-HEALTH participants -- including people from Germany, France, Austria and Portugal -- to account for a greater diversity of genetics and lifestyles.

DO-HEALTH Trial

The 2157 study participants were randomized into eight different groups to test the individual and combined benefits of the interventions: Group 1 received 2000 IU of vitamin D3 per day (which is more than 200 percent of the amount currently recommended for older adults, 800 IU per day), 1 g of omega-3 fatty acids per day, and a simple home-based exercise program three times per week; Group 2 received vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids; Group 3 received vitamin D3 and the exercise program; Group 4 received omega-3 fatty acids and the exercise program; Group 5 received vitamin D3 only; Group 6 received omega-3 fatty acids only; Group 7 received the exercise program only; and Group 8 received a placebo.

Participants received follow-up phone calls every three months and underwent standardized and comprehensive health and functional assessments, including lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity, at the study centers at baseline, year 1, year 2, and year 3. The DO-HEALTH cohort and biobank is the largest study of healthy adults aged 70 years and older in Europe and is led by the University of Zurich. The DO-HEALTH study and its international network of researchers have been funded by the EU's Seventh Framework Program for Research.


Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Zurich.


Visit Us : bookofaward.com


Contact Us :  contact@bookofaward.com


Social Media:

Tags:

Animals as architects of Earth: First global study reveals their surprising impact

  From beaver dams to termite mounds, research uncovers the extraordinary role of animals in shaping our planet Date: February 17, 2025 Sour...